Cytotoxicity is a commonly used endpoint for evaluating chemical toxicity. chemicals

Cytotoxicity is a commonly used endpoint for evaluating chemical toxicity. chemicals presented related kinetics of cytotoxicity. Such linkages could be due to shared underlying biological processes between pathways, for example, activation of H2AX and warmth shock element. Others including nuclear receptor activity are likely due to shared chemical structures rather than pathway level relationships. Based on the linkage between androgen receptor antagonism and Nrf2 activity, we surmise that a subclass of androgen receptor antagonists cause cytotoxicity via oxidative stress that is associated with Nrf2 activation. In summary, the real-time cytotoxicity display provides informative chemical cytotoxicity kinetics data related to their cytotoxicity mechanisms, and with our analysis, it is possible to formulate mechanism-based hypotheses within the cytotoxic properties of the tested chemicals. Introduction In the U.S. Tox21 system, a Bortezomib 10K chemical library is Bortezomib being evaluated for toxicological potential using mechanism-based, cell-based quantitative high throughput testing Bortezomib (qHTS) assays (toxicity pathways) that focus on nuclear receptor and stress response pathways [1]. As of 2016 August, over 40 assays have been screened and the results released in PubChem (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pcassay/?term=%22tox21%22). The goals of Tox21 include the prioritization of chemicals with little or no toxicological data for a more in-depth toxicological evaluation based on mechanism-based activity data and the development of models for better predicting toxicity. For example, data from a battery of Tox21 estrogen receptor (ER) related assays have been used in building a model for predicting ER dependent endocrine disruption potential [2,3]. In addition, to extrapolation (IVIVE) analysis based on the Tox21 screening data is being conducted to forecast the likelihood of activity in revealed humans [4]. However, to date, no large-scale analysis has been carried out to characterize the relationship between chemical-induced cell-based pathway perturbations and the cytotoxicity of the Tox21 10K chemicals. Prioritizing chemicals based on cytotoxicity relevant cell-based pathway perturbations could provide more phenotypically relevant, mechanism-based hypotheses for toxicological screening. Cell death plays an important part in chemical-induced toxicity in humans [5]. Many different modes of action (MOA) can lead to cytotoxicity and in order to understand the underlying mechanisms, hypotheses need to be generated and evaluated. By interrogating cytotoxicity inside a sufficiently large number of cell lines with varied genetic features, chemicals with related MOAs can be grouped collectively based on their differential cytotoxic reactions across cell lines [6C9]. One example of this approach is the recognition of novel kinase inhibitors based on their cytotoxicity profiles in 102 malignancy cell lines by comparing the similarity of their profiles to known kinase inhibitors [9]. In addition to the pattern of cytotoxicity across cell lines, the kinetics of cytotoxicity can vary greatly for different groups of chemicals [10C12]; for example, immediate cellular changes can be seen for chemicals acting on ion channels, while a delayed cytotoxic response happens for chemicals that take action on cell cycle processes. However, it has also been shown that many chemicals with different pharmacological effects can display related kinetics for cytotoxicity, implying which they share some underlying common mechanisms leading to cell death, despite their seemingly unrelated pharmacological functions [10]. Without some prior assumptions and data, identifying the underlying common mechanisms can be a challenging experimental task. In this study, chemical-induced cytotoxicity at six different time points (0, 8, 16, 24, 32, & 40 hours) was interrogated in two cell lines, HEK293, a human being embryonic kidney cell collection, and HepG2, a human being hepatocellular carcinoma cell collection, using two multiplexed, real-time assay systems: the Promega RealTime-Glo? MT Cell Viability Assay and the Promega CellTox? Green Cytotoxicity Assay. The former actions the reducing potential of cells and thus their metabolic ability (i.e., cell viability) based on a luciferase substrate produced in live cells only CCN1 while the second option detects the loss of cellular membrane integrity (i.e., cell death) based on a DNA-binding dye preferentially excluded from live cells. Results from the four assays (i.e., two assays each performed in two different cell lines) were compared in terms of the number of actives, kinetics of response, and potency correlation. The active chemicals were then grouped based on their similarity of cytotoxicity profiles (degree, mechanisms, and kinetics of cell death/cell viability). Based on the assumption that groups of chemicals with related cytotoxicity profiles can have related MOAs, which may be represented by.

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