Supplementary Materialsaging-08-1201-s001. Moreover, DR-induced insulin sensitivity was abrogated in AdicerKO mice.

Supplementary Materialsaging-08-1201-s001. Moreover, DR-induced insulin sensitivity was abrogated in AdicerKO mice. This was reverted by rapamycin injection, demonstrating that insulin resistance in AdicerKO mice is caused by mTORC1 hyperactivation. Our study evidences a DR-modulated role for WAT Dicer in controlling metabolism and insulin resistance. valine, leucine, and isoleucine) oxidation [12]. Indeed, impaired BCAA metabolism in adipose tissue and BCAA accumulation in the blood stream have been associated with T2D [13]. Dicer is a type III endoribonuclease that processes pre-miRNAs into mature miRNAs and exerts a variety of other functions related to double-stranded RNA processing and degradation [14]. We have previously reported that DR prevents the age-associated downregulation of Dicer in murine WAT, reversing a global decline in miRNAs that occurs with aging [15]. Dicer expression in adipose tissue is also downregulated in response to obesity and lipodystrophy in mice and humans [16-18], and is affected by aging and DR in in a manner that resembles the phenomenon observed in mouse adipose tissue [15]. Worms overexpressing Dicer in the intestine – the analog of mammalian adipose tissue – are stress resistant, while whole body Dicer loss-of-function mutations render worms short-lived [15]. Fat-specific Dicer knockout (AdicerKO) mice are insulin resistant and hyperglycemic when subjected to high fat diet [16], suggesting that downregulation of Dicer in adipose tissue contributes to aging and age-associated Phlorizin inhibitor database T2D. Here we tested this hypothesis and asked if DR provides beneficial metabolic outcomes through the upregulation of Dicer in WAT. We found that Dicer is required for proper nutrient utilization GU/RH-II by the adipose tissue particularly in catabolic states. Moreover, Dicer loss-of-function in adipocytes directly impacts on the accumulation of circulating metabolites that play a role in controlling whole body insulin action. Consequently, DR is unable to improve insulin sensitivity in AdicerKO mice. Finally, these mice exhibit age-dependent insulin resistance and premature mortality, suggesting a critical role of adipose tissue Dicer in the onset of age-related metabolic diseases. RESULTS Altered serum metabolite profiles in AdicerKO mice Twelve-week old AdicerKO and Lox mice were maintained on DR or (AL) regimens and euthanized when fasting at the end of the protocol. As expected, mice on DR lost weight and visceral adiposity, and this was independent of the genotype (Supplementary Fig. 1A and B). AdicerKO mice had larger brown adipose tissue mass and smaller epididymal mal WAT depots when fed AL, as previously described [16], and these differences persisted under the DR condition (Supplementary Fig. 1B). Surprisingly, DR promoted more subcutaneous inguinal WAT (henceforth referred to simply as WAT) loss in AdicerKO than in the Lox mice (Supplementary Fig. 1B). To test if the absence of Dicer in adipocytes could lead to systemic metabolic changes in AL Phlorizin inhibitor database or DR mice, we performed serum metabolomics. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) (Supplementary Fig. 2A) and Phlorizin inhibitor database hierarchical clustering analysis (Supplementary Fig. 2B) revealed a distinct pattern between the groups, in particular between DR and AL, but also between AdicerKO and Lox mice. Pathway analysis demonstrated that metabolites related to fatty acid oxidation, BCAA degradation and biosynthesis, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, and glycerophospholipid metabolism were the most overrepresented among the differentially expressed serum constituents when comparing all conditions (Supplementary Table 1). Dicer knockout in adipocytes did not completely abrogate the effects of DR on the levels of specific serum metabolites; however it did increase the circulating levels of BCAA and other essential amino acids both under AL (Supplementary Table 2) and DR conditions (Fig. 1A and B). Short-chain acylcarnitines (SCAC) (Supplementary Fig. 2C and D) and glycerol-phospholipids (Supplementary Fig. 2B) were also higher in the serum of AdicerKO mice under these conditions. Open in a separate window Figure 1 Metabolic changes in fat-specific Dicer knockout mice (AdicerKO)Twelve-week old mice were subjected to (AL) or dietary restriction (DR) regimens for three months. Mice were euthanized at the end of the protocol after overnight fasting and serum (A) branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) or (B) essential amino acid (EAA) levels were assessed (N=3 per condition). Values of individual amino acids were summed,.

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