The response of motion-selective neurons in primary visual cortex is ambiguous with respect to the two-dimensional (2D) velocity of spatially extensive objects. template model of MT that is optimally tuned for isotropic stimuli. of an object, but also (and less intuitively) with the (Movshon, Adelson, Gizzi, & Newsome, 1985). The problem of estimating 2D motion from anisotropic stimuli is commonly referred to as the aperture problem; if a rigidly moving object is viewed through an aperture (such as the small receptive field of a V1 neuron), and only one edge orientation is visible, then the 2D motion of the object is definitely ambiguous. Under such conditions, motion is typically perceived to be in the direction orthogonal to the edges orientation (Wallach, 1935). Despite the ambiguity associated with the movement of an individual advantage, the 2D speed of the object could be retrieved by processing the 1D speed (regular to an advantage orientation) from several differently oriented components. The next paragraphs describe how HDAC-42 this is achieved. The quickness of 1D movement varies sinusoidally using the angular parting between the advantage orientation as well as the root 2D direction. As a total result, the number of 1D velocities a 2D speed can elicit is normally constrained to rest upon a sine influx described by denotes the overall orientation of an advantage, represents the mistake of every bin and represents the weighting directed at each mistake bin: = ?0.952, < 0.0001). The near one-to-one romantic relationship between your pairings demonstrates that it's the direction, not really the path, that determines where observers replies are most adjustable, mirroring earlier results with plaids and centerCsurround gratings (Heeley & Buchanan-Smith, 1992; Meng & Qian, 2005). Amount 5 Scatter plot of the center of mass of each quadrant of observers precision against the bias measured at this angle. Results show a negative correlation (= ?0.952) indicating that the oblique effect depends on the perceived, not physical, ... Scene Col4a3 statistics In the next two Results sections, we examine observers errors as a function of the orientation statistics of the natural scenes. On each trial, only a small region of the natural scene was exposed to the observer. We wanted to examine how the orientation variance and the relative orientation of the exposed natural scenes affected observers ability to compute 2D motion. To elaborate, the majority of studies probing motion perception use either locally ambiguous stimulus (e.g., translating bars) or locally unambiguous motion stimuli (e.g., translating dots). By examining observers errors as a function of the orientation variance, we can examine the relative impact of naturally occurring orientation variations in textures and edges upon observers ability to compute 2D motion. Second, we wished to assess the impact of the orientation of each element, on observers performance. In a theoretical sense, only two differently oriented surfaces are required to compute 2D motion and it should not matter what the orientations of the HDAC-42 surfaces are. However, psychophysical data clearly demonstrate that observers are unable to correctly compute 2D motion under a variety of conditions and that this inability is linked HDAC-42 to the orientation content of the stimuli (Amano et al., 2009; Bowns, 1996; Burke & Wenderoth, 1993; Loffler & Orbach, 2001; Mingolla et al., 1992; Yo & Wilson, 1992). Accordingly, we examine the impact of the orientation content of naturally occurring contours on observers ability to compute 2D motion to establish the capacity of the motion stream to overcome the aperture problem given the heterogeneous orientation structure of natural scenes. Unlike the majority of studies probing the aperture problem, the exact orientation content of our stimuli was not under direct experimental control and so had to be estimated utilizing a biologically influenced style of orientation control. To that final end, the two vehicle Hateren images found in the present research were convolved having a loan company of polar separable, log-Gabor filter systems (Appendix A; Formula.
The response of motion-selective neurons in primary visual cortex is ambiguous
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