We also tested a novel dual p110/ inhibitor, IPI-443 (Table ?(Table1),1), to determine whether p110 inhibition increases the effects beyond blockade of p110 alone

We also tested a novel dual p110/ inhibitor, IPI-443 (Table ?(Table1),1), to determine whether p110 inhibition increases the effects beyond blockade of p110 alone. malignancies. p110 inhibitors can suppress autoantibody production in mouse models, but limited clinical trials in human autoimmunity have been performed with PI3K inhibitors to date. Thus, there is a need for additional 10058-F4 tools to understand the effect of pharmacological inhibition of PI3K isoforms in lymphocytes. In this study, we tested the effects of a potent and selective p110 inhibitor, IPI-3063, in assays of B cell function. We found that IPI-3063 potently reduced mouse B cell proliferation, survival, and plasmablast differentiation while increasing antibody class switching to IgG1, almost to the same degree as a pan-PI3K inhibitor. Similarly, IPI-3063 potently inhibited human B cell proliferation encoding p110 cause a human immunodeficiency known as activated PI3K delta syndrome (APDS), which is 10058-F4 usually associated with chronically activated lymphocytes that undergo apoptosis or senescence (6, 7). Therefore, p110 has been extensively analyzed as a potential target for treating B cell malignancies, B cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, and potentially APDS. Impressive responses in clinical trials of idelalisib (previously known as GS-1101 or CAL-101) led to FDA approval of this drug for treatment of certain B cell malignancies (8). Other p110 inhibitors have shown activity in animal models of autoimmunity. For example, IC87114 reduced autoantibody production in a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis (9). Another recently developed p110 inhibitor, AMG319, reduced KLH-specific IgM and IgG production (10) while duvelisib (IPI-145), a dual p110/ inhibitor, showed potent activity in reducing inflammation in collagen-induced arthritis, ovalbumin-induced asthma, and systemic lupus erythematosus rodent models (11). Currently, however, you will find no approved treatments targeting p110 in B-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. Additional p110 inhibitors with high potency and selectivity are needed as research tools for B cell biology and as potential lead compounds for B cell-driven diseases. Characterizing the effects of isoform-selective PI3K inhibitors on normal B cell function will provide insight toward obtaining effective therapeutic windows that can target B cell malignancies while maintaining effective host defense and may justify clinical exploration of these inhibitors in treating B cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Previous studies have exhibited that p110 is not the only PI3K isoform that contributes to B cell function. We used isoform-selective compounds to show that acute inhibition of either p110 or p110 partially reduce signaling and functional responses in activated B cells (12). Genetic analysis has shown partially overlapping functions of p110 and p110 in B cell development (13). Little is known about the role of the class IB isoform p110 in B cells. In T cells, p110 plays a role in early development and is important for trafficking of activated effector cells (14, 15). One study reported that mice lacking both p110 and p110 experienced greater defects in B cell survival and proliferation compared to p110 knockout alone (16). The effects of chemical p110 inhibition on B cell function have not been reported. In this 10058-F4 study, we utilized Rabbit Polyclonal to USP19 a novel, potent, and selective p110 inhibitor, IPI-3063 (Table ?(Table1)1) that has good pharmacokinetics in mice (11). Here, we tested the effects of IPI-3063 on mouse B cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. We found that IPI-3063 is usually highly potent, modulating B cell responses at low nanomolar concentrations to an extent much like a pan-PI3K inhibitor. In contrast, a selective chemical inhibitor of p110 experienced no effect in various assays of B cell function. We also tested a novel dual p110/ inhibitor, IPI-443 (Table ?(Table1),1), to determine whether p110 inhibition increases the effects beyond blockade of p110 alone. Dual inhibition of p110/ with IPI-443 experienced comparable effects to IPI-3063 on B cell function. These results confirm that p110 is the dominant isoform that mediates B cell responses to diverse stimuli and establish that IPI-3063 is usually a highly potent molecule to probe p110 function in immune cells. Table 1 Summary of IC50 values for IPI-3063 and IPI-443 using purified enzymes. and did not test the role of p110 could indirectly impact B cell function. Small molecule inhibitors that are selective for single PI3K isoforms or pairs of isoforms have been highly useful in delineating the shared and distinct functions of PI3K enzymes.

Here we report data collected from your 684 children who survived past 24 months of age and were followed prospectively for evaluation of both HHV-8 and HIV-1 seropositivity between 12 and 48 months of age

Here we report data collected from your 684 children who survived past 24 months of age and were followed prospectively for evaluation of both HHV-8 and HIV-1 seropositivity between 12 and 48 months of age. time points revealed seroreversion of HHV-8 antibodies, with undetectable titers in some children at one or more time points after seroconversion. These results demonstrate that cross-sectional serologic screening probably underestimates true HHV-8 seroprevalence in young Zambian children because of fluctuations in detectable antibody titers. = 740) were excluded from this analysis; reasons for exclusion included early mortality, early withdrawal, and loss to follow-up before HIV-1 serostatus could be reliably established. Children given birth to to HIV-1-positive mothers were tested at 24 months or later to determine HIV-1 status. Here we statement data collected from your 684 children who survived beyond 24 months of age and were followed prospectively for evaluation of both HHV-8 and HIV-1 seropositivity between 12 and 48 months of age. Of these Edicotinib 684 children, 54 percent (370/684) of the infants were given birth to to HHV-8-seropositive mothers and 22 percent (151/684) were given birth to to HIV-1-seropositive mothers. By 24 months of age, 6 percent (41/684) of the children tested positive for HIV-1. Open in a separate window Physique 1. Outline of a longitudinal study of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) among children Rabbit polyclonal to HMGB1 in Lusaka, Zambia, 1998C2004. Of the total cohort, 740 children were excluded from your analysis because of early mortality, early withdrawal, or loss to follow-up before human immunodeficiency computer virus type 1 (HIV-1) serostatus could be reliably established. End result indicates the reasons for attrition between 24 and 48 months of age. Serologic screening for HHV-8 and HIV-1 HHV-8 serology. Blood specimens were collected annually from children at birth and 12, 24, 36, and 48 months after birth. Specimens were coded by means of a unique identification number assigned to Edicotinib each mother-infant pair and were analyzed without knowledge of the personal identity of the study participants. Plasma was screened for evidence Edicotinib of HHV-8 seroconversion. Age at HHV-8 seroconversion was defined as the age at which the first HHV-8-positive test result was obtained using the assays explained. To rule out detection of transplacental maternal HHV-8 antibodies, plasma from children younger than 12 months of age was not tested. In addition, the plasma of all HHV-8-seropositive children at 12 months who were given birth to to HHV-8-seropositive mothers was titered at birth, at 6 months, and at 12 months to rule out detection of maternal antibodies. BC-3 monoclonal antibody-enhanced immunofluorescence assay. Antibodies against HHV-8 were detected by monoclonal antibody-enhanced immunofluorescence assay (mIFA) as explained previously (33). BC-3 cells (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia) stimulated by tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate were fixed and permeabilized, and mIFA was carried out as explained (32). To reduce subjectivity in observing specific fluorescence, slides were go through independently by two laboratory workers. All plasma decided to be positive by BC-3 mIFA was confirmed using clone 9 (Sf9) mIFA as explained below. For determination of HHV-8 antibody titers, serial twofold dilutions of plasma were performed, and each dilution was assayed using the BC-3 mIFA. The inverse of the last dilution that tested positive was taken as the endpoint titer. Sf9 monoclonal antibody-enhanced immunofluorescence assay. Recombinant baculoviruses expressing the glutathione 0.05. Data were analyzed using the statistical software packages SAS, version Edicotinib 9.1 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina), and SPSS, version 15 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois). RESULTS HHV-8 incidence and associated risk factors Based on 1,532 total child-years of follow-up, the incidence rate of HHV-8 seroconversion in Zambian children was 13.8 infections per 100 child-years over 48 months (table 1). We observed a statistically significant increased risk of seroconversion among HIV-1-positive children after adjusting for multiple covariates (adjusted hazard rate ratio = 4.60, 95 percent confidence interval: 2.93, 7.22). No statistically significant difference in hazard rates was observed by sex of the child or mother’s HHV-8 contamination status at delivery. The association between HHV-8 seroconversion in children and maternal HIV-1 seropositivity was no longer.

in resource waters

in resource waters. to operate a vehicle the transportation of varied substrates over the cell membrane [3-5]. ABC1 (ABC2 (ABC3 (can transportation different substrates over the cells through the power of ATP binding and hydrolysis [9-12]. parasitizes the ruminants and folks [13] usually. Up to now, gene also to create the were from a cattle plantation in Hefei. oocysts had 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexabromocyclohexane been cleaned and separated three times with PBS, and surprised inside a vortex mixer 30 min after adding 500 l oocyst lysate, frequently, freeze-thawed in -70 then?C three times. Genomic DNA of was extracted using the DNA removal kit (Omega, NY, USA) based on the guidelines of the maker. The primer of NBD area of gene was designed relating to Perkins [7]. The primer with promoter ATG, terminator TAA, and enzyme cut sites gene had been performed by PCR. The merchandise was analyzed using 1.0% agarose gel electrophoresis and observed using the gel imaging program (BIO-RAD, Hercules, California, USA) and extracted with gel extraction kit (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China) based on the guidelines of the maker. The merchandise was associated with a pMD19-T clone vector (TaKaRa, Dalian, China), and changed into DH5 (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China). The plasmid of positive colony was extracted by PCR and was sequenced. The built clone vector was called as pMD19-T- gene was amplified by PCR. A DNA C13orf1 music group about 427 bp was noticed, which was relative to the anticipated result (Fig. 1). It had been crystal clear that NBD area of gene was amplified successfully. To be able to recognize NBD area of gene was 411 bp; it had been a lot more than 6 bp in comparison to glycoprotein (gene. M: DNA marker; 1: a DNA music group of NBD area of gene. Open up in another screen Fig. 2. Sequencing outcomes of PCR item from the NBD area of gene. Nucleotide sequences of NBD area of gene had been translated right into a proteins with 137 proteins: VGETGSGKSTILKLLERIYKPQNGEIEYFGVTGGLLSDANIRELFAYVPQDCA LFEGSIRENIVFGKLNASMNEIEEAAKRSAVNDFIESLPEKYDMAVGERGSRLSGGQRQRIAIARALIKGAPIVLLDEATSSLD. Amino acidity series of NBD area of gene was weighed against the and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (gene in N-terminal amino acidity series and 10 proteins of Walker B in C-terminal proteins were exactly like (Fig. 3A) and Cp-MRP (Fig. 3B), and a NBD area of gene in N-terminal amino acidity series and 10 proteins of Walker B in C-terminal proteins were exactly like and gene. nutritional waste materials and intake drainage [17]. In this scholarly study, the recombinant plasmid pEGFP-C1-gene could exhibit in mouse IECs validly, as well as the ABC proteins of research continue steadily to broaden through the cell model. This scholarly study also showed the changes of ion concentration in IECs after NBD domain transformation. The mechanism could be that NBD area of gene provides a significant basis for ABC proteins gene complete series amplification and research of nutrient transportation and multidrug level of resistance in IECs. It really is likely to look for the inhibitor to inhibit ATP binding to NBD transportation and area procedures with substrates. The eventual purpose can be used for medications and advancement of cryptosporidiosis. Acknowledgments This function was supported with the Country wide Natural Science Base of China (No. 31001019) as well as the Educational Backbone Schooling Project of Anhui Agricultural School (No. 2014XKPY-21). The authors sincerely thank Tao Wei and Sunlight Liu for the assistance through the preparation of the analysis. Footnotes The writers survey zero issues appealing with this scholarly research. Personal references 1. Xiang Y, Yang FK, Li YH, H Ji, Shu J, Zhang WZ, Liu AQ. Molecular id of ryanae isolate from dairy products cows in Harbin. Chinese language J Zoon. 2010;26:144C146. [Google Scholar] 2. Zhu M, Zhang SY, He YY, Skillet CE, Wei MX. An pet model for parvum in mice. Chinese language J Parasit Dis Control. 2003;16:13C15. [Google Scholar] 3. Hijjawi NS, Meloni BP, Ryan UM, Olson Me personally, Thompson RC. Effective in vitro cultivation of spp. in supply waters. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69:971C979. [PMC free of charge content] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 6. Elwin K, Hadfield.2007;101:1611C1616. cell membrane [3-5]. ABC1 (ABC2 (ABC3 (can transportation different substrates over the cells through the power of ATP binding and hydrolysis [9-12]. generally parasitizes the ruminants and folks [13]. Up to now, gene also to build the were extracted from a cattle plantation in Hefei. oocysts had been separated and cleaned three times with PBS, and stunned within a vortex mixer 30 min after adding 500 l oocyst lysate, frequently, after that freeze-thawed in -70?C three times. Genomic DNA of was extracted using the DNA removal kit (Omega, NY, USA) based on the guidelines of the maker. The primer of NBD area of gene was designed regarding to Perkins [7]. The primer with promoter ATG, 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexabromocyclohexane terminator TAA, and enzyme cut sites gene had been performed by PCR. The merchandise was analyzed using 1.0% agarose gel electrophoresis and observed using the gel imaging program (BIO-RAD, Hercules, California, USA) and extracted with gel extraction kit (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China) based on the guidelines 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexabromocyclohexane of the maker. The merchandise was associated with a pMD19-T clone vector (TaKaRa, Dalian, China), and changed into DH5 (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China). The plasmid of positive colony was extracted by PCR and was sequenced. The built clone vector was called as pMD19-T- gene was amplified by PCR. A DNA music group about 427 bp was noticed, which was relative to the anticipated result (Fig. 1). It had been apparent that NBD area of gene was effectively amplified. To be able to recognize NBD area of gene was 411 bp; it had been a lot more than 6 bp in comparison to glycoprotein (gene. M: DNA marker; 1: a DNA music group of NBD area of gene. Open up in another screen Fig. 2. Sequencing outcomes of PCR item from the NBD area of gene. Nucleotide sequences of NBD area of gene had been translated right into a proteins with 137 proteins: VGETGSGKSTILKLLERIYKPQNGEIEYFGVTGGLLSDANIRELFAYVPQDCA LFEGSIRENIVFGKLNASMNEIEEAAKRSAVNDFIESLPEKYDMAVGERGSRLSGGQRQRIAIARALIKGAPIVLLDEATSSLD. Amino acidity series of NBD area of gene was weighed against the and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (gene in N-terminal amino acidity series and 10 proteins of Walker B in C-terminal proteins were exactly like (Fig. 3A) and Cp-MRP (Fig. 3B), and a NBD area of gene in N-terminal amino acidity series and 10 proteins of Walker B in C-terminal proteins were exactly like and gene. nutritional intake and waste materials drainage [17]. Within this research, the recombinant plasmid pEGFP-C1-gene could exhibit validly in mouse IECs, as well as the ABC proteins of research continue steadily to broaden through the cell model. This research also demonstrated the adjustments of ion focus in IECs after NBD domains transformation. The system could be that NBD area of gene provides a significant basis for ABC proteins gene complete series amplification and research of nutrient transportation and multidrug level of resistance in IECs. It really is expected to discover the inhibitor to inhibit ATP binding to NBD area and transportation procedures with substrates. The eventual purpose can be used for medication advancement and treatment of cryptosporidiosis. Acknowledgments This function was supported with the Country wide Natural Science Base of China (No. 31001019) as well as the Educational Backbone Schooling Project of Anhui Agricultural School (No. 2014XKPY-21). The writers sincerely give thanks 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexabromocyclohexane to Tao Sunlight and Wei Liu for the assistance through the planning of the analysis. Footnotes The writers report no issues appealing with this research. Personal references 1. Xiang Y, Yang FK, Li YH, Ji H, Shu J, Zhang WZ, Liu AQ. Molecular id of ryanae isolate from dairy products cows in Harbin. Chinese language J Zoon. 2010;26:144C146. [Google Scholar] 2. Zhu M, Zhang SY, He YY, Skillet CE, Wei MX. An pet model for parvum in mice..

It presents with varying symptoms such as muscle fatigue, paralysis, loss of sensation/numbness, and pain, as well as emotional impairments such as depression and other mood disorders

It presents with varying symptoms such as muscle fatigue, paralysis, loss of sensation/numbness, and pain, as well as emotional impairments such as depression and other mood disorders. in the world.1 NAD 299 hydrochloride (Robalzotan) This demyelinating autoimmune disease usually presents in the prime of life and is associated with marked physical and cognitive disabilities and a shortened life span.2 Classically described as a neuroinflammatory autoimmune disease that targets the myelin in the brain and spinal cord, this complicated disease has NAD 299 hydrochloride (Robalzotan) an unknown etiology and no known cure. It presents with varying symptoms such as muscle fatigue, paralysis, loss of sensation/numbness, and pain, as well as emotional impairments such as depression and other mood disorders. The disease has diverse phenotypes.3 The majority of MS patients initially present with subacute attacks, with symptoms and signs referable to the NAD 299 hydrochloride (Robalzotan) central nervous system (CNS) C defined as a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS).4 When the attack is followed by a complete or partial remission which is then followed by another attack(s), often focused in a different location in the CNS and possibly of higher intensity, the disease course is defined as relapsing and remitting MS (RRMS).4 Patients who present with a gradually progressive course without a well-defined initial attack are presenting with primary progressive MS (PPMS).4 Secondary progressive MS (SPMS) is characterized by CIS or RRMS followed by progressive clinical worsening over time, generally 3 years or more after the onset of disease.4 The pathology of MS includes penetration of leukocytes across the bloodCbrain barrier (BBB), intrathecal production of antibodies, and neuroinflammation, which leads to demyelination and astrocytic and/or neuronal/axonal injury.2,5 In a recent study, Lucchinetti et al used immunohistochemistry to characterize demyelinating activity, inflammatory infiltrates, and the presence of meningeal inflammation in cortical lesions from a cohort of patients with early-stage MS.6 They observed that cortical demyelination was common in the early stages of MS, that the majority of cortical lesions studied were positive for CD3+ T cells, and that a subset were positive for CD20+ B cells. Further, there was a strong topographic association between cortical demyelination and meningeal inflammation suggesting a direct relationship between inflammation and demyelination. The authors speculate that the reason why inflammatory cortical demyelination is not typically observed in chronic, progressive MS may relate to efficient clearance of cortical inflammation over time and thus does not preclude the possibility that inflammation may contribute to demyelination at its onset.6C11 Recent work highlighting how B cells contribute to inflammation and pathogenesis of certain MS disease subtypes are explored in this review.12,13 Evidence that intrathecal B cells contribute to MS pathogenesis In the majority of MS patients, B cell numbers are elevated in the CNS.14 In an extensive histopathological study on actively demyelinating lesions obtained from MS patient biopsies and autopsies, four distinct lesion patterns were observed.15 Pattern II lesions, but not lesions following pattern I, II, or IV, were positive for B cells and they had prominent antibody deposition and complement components at sites of active myelin destruction.15 In other studies, immunohistochemical analysis of brain and spinal cord sections revealed lymphoid follicle-like structures containing T cells, B cells, and plasma cells in the cerebral meninges in patients with SPMS, but not in patients with RRMS or PPMS.16C18 These results suggest de novo formation and maintenance of ectopic lymphoid structures that contribute to increased B cell production in patients with active SPMS.16C18 Meningeal B cell follicles were found in close proximity to large subpial gray matter lesions and diffuse meningeal inflammation, which suggests that the lymphoid-like follicles or products produced by them negatively impacted the integrity of the cortical structures and contributed to gray matter cortical demyelination.18,19 In a recent study, Lee-Chang et al determined that patients with CIS and RRMS had reduced transitional B cell numbers in the peripheral blood compared to control patients, but of the transitional B cells present, these cells had upregulated surface expression of integrins (4 and 1).20 Further, transitional B cells were present in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) obtained from the NAD 299 hydrochloride (Robalzotan) CIS and RRMS patients but they were absent from the CSF of individuals with other inflammatory neurological disease.20 Upregulated integrins (4 and 1) likely assist these cells to cross the bloodCCSF barrier. Overall, these studies suggest that MS patients have increased intrathecal B cells which may Rab21 contribute to MS pathogenesis through antibody-dependent or antibody-independent mechanisms. Antigen-independent mechanisms through which B cells may contribute to MS pathogenesis Treatment with rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody, Rituxan?) C a humanized mouse anti-CD20 antibody which depletes CD20+ cells (ie, pre-B cells, immature B cells, mature B cells,.

One of the most intensive studied glycoprotein carrying O-mannosyl glycans is -DG

One of the most intensive studied glycoprotein carrying O-mannosyl glycans is -DG. peptide (YAT[1-Guy]AV) whilst the unmodified peptide (YATAV) didn’t alter the staining strength or design (S5A Fig). Furthermore, we took benefit of transgenic mice using Ethylmalonic acid a brain-specific knockout Mouse monoclonal to MBP Tag of POMT2 to help expand investigate the specificity from the -O-Man monoclonal antibody. In POMT2f/f;Emx1-Cre+ mice O-mannosylation is normally abrogated in the neurons from the neocortex as well as the hippocampus, and in the glial cells from the pallium, whereas the cerebellum isn’t affected [20]. In contract, staining from the Purkinje cell level from the cerebellum (find below) of POMT2f/f;Emx1-Cre+ and control mice showed very similar -O-Man staining patterns (Fig 1B, lower panel). As proven in Fig 1B (higher -panel), immunoreactivity from the -O-Man antibody was nearly absent in the cerebral cortex of POMT2f/f;Emx1-Cre+ mice when compared with wild-type littermates. Removal of N-glycans by PNGase F didn’t hinder -O-Man antibody binding (Fig 1C), substantiating the specificity from the immunostaining on cryosections. Furthermore, when O-mannosyl glycan biosynthesis was obstructed with Ethylmalonic acid a POMT-specific inhibitor [8] in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells -O-Man staining was omitted (S5B Fig), additional demonstrating that the brand new -O-Man monoclonal antibody is normally perfect for recognition of mono-O-mannosyl glycans area had been tagged including their neuronal projections as indicated by arrowheads (picture 3 displays cells from the CA2 field). Specific cells of locations II to V from the cerebral cortex had been stained with the -O-Man antibody. Co-localization of mono-O-mannosyl glycans with neuronal cell marker (NeuN/Fox3) in the hippocampus (B) or with Purkinje cell marker (Calbindin) in the cerebellum (C) displaying single channel indication and merged stations. NeuN-labeled hippocampal neurons of the two 2 (CA2) area had been stained with the -O-Man antibody. Purkinje cell localization of mono-O-mannosyl glycans was Ethylmalonic acid showed by co-localization with Calbindin. Range club = 50 m. Mono-O-mannosyl glycans are especially focused in inhibitory GABAergic neurons -O-Man immunostaining uncovered mono-O-mannosyl glycans in every parts of the adult wild-type mouse human brain (Fig 2A). Concentrated staining of neuronal cell systems from the levels II to VI from the cerebral cortex (Fig 2A, -panel 1), and one cells in the molecular cell level, aswell as the Purkinje cell as well as the granular cell levels from the cerebellum (Fig 2A, -panel 2) was noticed. Further, staining of pyramidal cells from the (CA), like the projecting neurons, and of granular cells from the (DG) in the hippocampus was pronounced (Fig 2A, -panel 3). To raised demonstrate the staining account in the hippocampus, -O-Man antibody staining was in comparison to that of the neuronal marker NeuN/Fox3 [41]. We noticed overlapping cell labeling from the CA field, but also discovered extra cells in the areas encircling the CA area (Fig 2B). In the cerebellum, -O-Man staining of Purkinje cells was confirmed by Calbindin, a marker for Purkinje cells and their Ethylmalonic acid procedures in cerebellar nerve tracts [42]. As proven in Fig 2C, furthermore to Purkinje cells (indicated by asterisks) one cells in the molecular level and, somewhat, granule cells had been labeled with the -O-Man antibody. Our data indicated that GABAergic neurons (e.g., Purkinje cells), are stained with the -O-Man antibody preferentially. To verify this matter further, the design was likened by us attained with the -O-Man antibody to gephyrin, a known marker for inhibitory GABAergic neurons [43]. As proven in Fig 3A, the staining overlapped to a higher level in the hippocampus (higher sections) and cerebellum (lower sections), although extra -O-Man epitopes had been detected for instance in the granular cell level (find also inlay in lower -panel 3). Furthermore, in brains from transgenic mice expressing the cre proteins in GABAergic neurons [44] ideal co-localization of -O-Man immunoreactivity with cre-positve neurons was noticed. (Fig 3B), additional corroborating the pronounced incident of mono-O-mannosyl glycans in GABAergic inhibitory neurons. On the other hand, no complementing or overlapping staining patterns of -O-Man and peanut agglutinin (PNA), a marker for myelinated axons and white matter (Fig 3C), aswell as the glial cell marker glial fibrillary acidic proteins (GFAP; Fig 3D) had been noticed. Open in another screen Fig 3 Mono-O-mannosyl glycan staining is normally pronounced in inhibitory neurons.One route images and merged stations including counterstained nuclei by DAPI (sagittal sections) are shown. A) Co-staining of gephyrin, an inhibitory synapse proteins of.

2012;120(5):960C969

2012;120(5):960C969. receiving RTX+DEX. More serious adverse events (n = 16 vs 9) and infections (n = 11 vs 9) were noted in the RTX+DEX cohort than DEX single-agent cohort. Serum immunoglobulin-G and -A levels were decreased in all that could be tested, but were still within Coptisine the normal range, similar to what was observed by others.9 However, there are publications cautioning against persistent hypogammaglobulinemia Rabbit polyclonal to ZC3H14 following rituximab exposure in patients that received rituximab for autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditions.10 Designing appropriate trials addressing rituximab dosage and scheduling in ITP is imperative and using it concurrently with corticosteroids might actually confer some benefit by minimizing infusion reactions. Using this Danish design as a template, future clinical trials in newly diagnosed ITP patients should study its natural history, pathophysiology, and T- and B-cell dysfunction that can lead to identification and validation of appropriate biomarkers of ITP as the disease evolves in an individual patient. This would allow us to move forward from the prevailing empiricism in ITP therapeutics to effective targeting and appropriate risk-benefit assessment with different classes of medications while being wary of the cost structure for all of them (Table 1). Table 1 Prices of all currently available medications used for ITP do underscore that a multicenter clinical trial in Coptisine adult ITP with long-term follow-up is usually feasible.8 The time has come for clinicians that care for Coptisine patients with newly diagnosed ITP to enroll them in controlled trials to investigate the role of immunosuppression in relation to newer agents such as thrombopoietin agonists. After all, despite insipid characterization by Victor Hugo, Cosettes fortunes do change during the course of em Les Misrables /em from an abused and orphaned urchin to a millionaire heiress of Jean Valjeans wealth and she lives happily ever after married to Marius.11 Let us hope for a comparable outcome for all the new patients with ITP, a relatively common medical condition benevolently neglected by clinical trialists until now. Acknowledgment Drug prices were researched and provided by Dr Timothy Jancel, Pharmacy Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. The author is grateful to Dr Michael Sneller for reviewing the manuscript and providing valuable comments. This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health. Footnotes Conflict-of-interest disclosure: The author declares no competing financial interests. REFERENCES 1. Stasi R, Newland AC. ITP: a historical perspective. Br J Haematol. 2011;153(4):437C450. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 2. Ghanima W, Godeau B, Cines DB, Bussel JB. How I treat immune thrombocytopenia: the choice between splenectomy or a medical therapy as a second-line treatment. Blood. 2012;120(5):960C969. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 3. Wintrobe MM, Cartwright GE, Palmer JG, Kuhns WJ, Samuels LT. Effect of corticotrophin and cortisone around the blood in various disorders in man. AMA Arch Intern Med. 1951;88(3):310C336. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 4. Imbach P, Barandun S, d’Apuzzo V, et al. High-dose intravenous gammaglobulin for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood. Lancet. 1981;1(8232):1228C1231. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 5. Saleh MN, Gutheil J, Moore M, et al. A pilot study of the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab in patients with refractory immune system thrombocytopenia. Semin Oncol. 2000;27 (6 Suppl 12):99-103. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 6. Neunert C, Lim W, Crowther M, Cohen A, Solberg L, Jr, Crowther MA. The American Culture of Hematology 2011 evidence-based practice guide for immune system thrombocytopenia. Bloodstream. 2011;117(16):4190C4207. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 7. Reff Me personally, Carner K, Chambers KS, et al. Depletion of B cells in with a chimeric mouse human being monoclonal antibody to Compact disc20 vivo. Bloodstream. 1994;83(2):435C445. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 8. Gudbrandsdottir S, Birgens Coptisine HS, Frederiksen H, et al. Rituximab and dexamethasone vs dexamethasone monotherapy in recently diagnosed individuals with primary immune system thrombocytopenia [released ahead of printing January 8, 2013]. Bloodstream. 2013;121(11):1976C1981. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 9. Arnold DM, Heddle NM, Carruthers J, et al. A pilot randomized trial of adjuvant placebo or rituximab.

The free and complex enzyme crystallize in the same space group with similar unit cell dimensions, which indicates virtually identical intermolecular interactions

The free and complex enzyme crystallize in the same space group with similar unit cell dimensions, which indicates virtually identical intermolecular interactions. bound to Cys234 on the dynamic site covalently. The interaction between your totally conserved Asp1 of hDPPI as well as the ammonium band of the inhibitor forms an important relationship that mimics enzymeCsubstrate connections. The framework of a conclusion is certainly supplied Amineptine by the inhibitor complicated from the substrate specificity of hDPPI, and provides a background for the look of brand-new inhibitors. as well as for 30?min. The proteins focus in the supernatant was approx. 2?mg/ml. Crystals had been grown from dangling drops using 2?l of proteins and Amineptine 1?l of tank solution more than 500?l of tank solution comprising 23% PEG [poly-(ethylene glycol)] 4000, 0.22?M ammonium acetate and 0.1?M Mes, pH?6.0. Primarily, a trigonal crystal type was attained with space group P3121, aspect refinement was completed using refmac5 [22,23], Arp/Warp [24] and O [25]. The ultimate models had been validated using moleman2 [26] and WHAT_CHECK [27]. Crystallographic refinement and data and validation statistics are summarized in Desk 1. The buildings had been likened using the planned plan ESCET [28], which takes the co-ordinate precision into consideration when determining invariant regions conformationally. Figures 3C5 had been prepared using this program PyMol (DeLano Scientific). Open up in another window Body Amineptine 3 The biologically energetic tetrameric type of hDPPI in complicated using the covalently destined inhibitor Gly-Phe-CHN2The monomers can be found on the four sides from the tetramer using the exclusion domains proven in blue as well as the papain-like domains proven in pale yellowish. The energetic sites is seen externally from the tetramer by the positioning from the inhibitors that are proven with atoms as greyish spheres. The structural components near to the inhibitor-binding site, the N-linked carbohydrate at Asn5 as well as the -hairpin from Lys82 to Tyr93 are proven in pale green. The various other N-linked sugars are proven as spheres in the same color as the domains to that they are connected. Desk 1 Data refinement and collection figures point0.1610.176value (general, ?2)26.326.1?beliefs??Proteins25.024.6??Drinking water32.630.2??Inhibitor37.3C Amineptine Open up in another window *(x,factors and many Ramachandran plot outliers in the previously posted structure of indigenous hDPPI [12] (see Supplementary Statistics 1 and 2 at http://www.BiochemJ.org/bj/401/bj4010645add.htm). In these locations, the framework from the Gly-Phe-CH2ChDPPI complicated compare well Mouse monoclonal antibody to Calumenin. The product of this gene is a calcium-binding protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)and it is involved in such ER functions as protein folding and sorting. This protein belongs to afamily of multiple EF-hand proteins (CERC) that include reticulocalbin, ERC-55, and Cab45 andthe product of this gene. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms havebeen identified using the framework of rat DPPI [13]. To handle these obvious discrepancies, a re-determination from the indigenous hDPPI framework was performed. After refinement from the indigenous hDPPI framework with the brand new X-ray data, no significant distinctions between the indigenous hDPPI framework as well as the Gly-Phe-CH2ChDPPI complicated were noticed (discover Supplementary Body 1, lower -panel). Hence the observed distinctions are not brought on by the current presence of the inhibitor. The free of charge and complicated enzyme crystallize in the same space group with equivalent device cell measurements, which indicates virtually identical intermolecular interactions. Hence, it is noteworthy that distinctions have emerged in the orientation from the N-linked carbohydrate framework, that could support the idea the fact that carbohydrate framework at Asn5 is important in the perseverance from the substrate specificity from the enzyme [12]. The energetic site Through the obtainable DPPI sequences, many conserved proteins could be determined. Among these is certainly Asp1, which really is a crucial residue that’s involved with docking the substrate via relationship using the amino group. Additionally, Gln228, Ser233, Cys234 (catalytic), Gly277, Asn380 and His381 (catalytic) are conserved among all DPPI homologues. These residues are located in the energetic site and be a part of the catalytic system or substrate binding (Desk 2, Body 4). Open up in another window Body 4 Energetic site of hDPPI(A) Close-up watch from the energetic site. The carbon atoms from the inhibitor are proven in yellowish. For clarity, just atoms within 5?? from the inhibitor are included. (B) The S2 binding pocket is certainly filled with a string of four hydrogen-bonded drinking water molecules (W) that are conserved in the indigenous (blue) Amineptine as well as the Gly-Phe-CH2ChDPPI (orange) buildings. The inhibitor is certainly proven as yellowish sticks. Desk 2 EnzymeCinhibitor interactionsSG, sulphur on the placement; NE2, nitrogen on the ?2 placement; OD1, oxygen on the 1 placement. thead th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Inhibitor atom /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Enzyme /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Length (?) /th /thead CH2 CCys234 (string B) SG1.86Phe OCys234 (string B) NH2.97Phe OGln228 (string B) NE23.03Phe NHAsn380 (string C) O3.14Gly OGly277 (string B) NH3.02Gly NHGly277 (string B) O3.01Gly NHAsp1 (string A) OD12.82Gly NHW1122.89 Open up in another window The active site of hDPPI is blocked.

(B-D) HSCs were cultured for 24 h and set for immunofluorescence evaluation of LC3 staining

(B-D) HSCs were cultured for 24 h and set for immunofluorescence evaluation of LC3 staining. bone tissue marrow cells treated with PF-4708671 and/or stem cell aspect (SCF) (100 ngml-1). (D) Movement cytometric 25-hydroxy Cholesterol evaluation of relative price of proteins synthesis in the LSK-CD48- small fraction of lineage-depleted bone tissue marrow cells treated with 4EGI-1. Mistake bars stand for S.E.M. Statistical significance was evaluated utilizing a one-way ANOVA accompanied by Tukeys check for multiple evaluations. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005.(EPS) pone.0177054.s003.eps (2.8M) GUID:?9B439939-C00E-4C18-A166-5A1E40EFA29F S3 Fig: Reduced cell volume and RNA content material in cultured HSCs. (A, B) HSC size by stage comparison microscopy of newly isolated cells and after 3 d 25-hydroxy Cholesterol lifestyle (A) and corresponding quantity relative to time 0 as time passes (B). n = 40C60 cells counted per treatment group each day; **** signifies p < 1.5 10?18 for everyone circumstances compared to time 0 (Students t-test). Pictures 400 magnification. Size club, 20 m. (C) RNA was isolated from refreshing HSCs and from HSCs pursuing 3 d lifestyle. Total RNA articles was assessed by nanofluidic evaluation with up to 70% recovery of spiked-in RNA. (D) RNA articles was assessed by movement cytometric evaluation in the LSK small fraction of lineage-depleted bone tissue marrow cells which were newly isolated and after 3 d lifestyle. Data proven are representative outcomes of 3C5 tests. Error bars stand for S.E.M.(EPS) pone.0177054.s004.eps (5.2M) GUID:?CF641869-D757-4F3D-8E3B-6A2433D648D2 Data Availability StatementAll relevant data are inside the paper and its own Supporting Information data files. Abstract Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the ability to self-renew also to differentiate into all bloodstream cells. HSCs have a home in a low-perfusion specific niche market and rely on local indicators to survive also to conserve the convenience of self-renewal. HSCs taken off the specific niche market cannot survive without addition of hematopoietic cytokines and quickly lose their capability to self-renew. We reported previously that inhibition of both GSK-3 and mTORC1 is vital to keep long-term HSCs [6], [7], and [8], result in HSC proliferation accompanied by exhaustion and in a few complete situations leukemogenesis [6, 9]. Creating a thorough knowledge of mediators of mTORC1 signaling within this framework will therefore be considered a important step toward enlargement of useful HSCs or impairs HSC function while marketing proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells, resulting in bone marrow failing [24, 26]. Furthermore, highlighting the fundamental function of nutrient-sensing in the reduced-perfusion HSC specific niche market, HSCs activate autophagy to survive cytokine hunger, while progenitors neglect to activate autophagy and undergo apoptosis [27] instead. These findings reveal a unique requirement of autophagy in the function of HSCs instead of various other hematopoietic cell populations. Regardless of the intensive body of books characterizing these specific outputs of mTORC1 signaling in HSCs, the function of every in HSC maintenance continues to be unclear. The intricacy 25-hydroxy Cholesterol from the HSC specific niche market and consequent problem maintaining 25-hydroxy Cholesterol HSCs possess constrained efforts to handle this question. Prior function from our lab demonstrated that 25-hydroxy Cholesterol HSCs are taken care of in cytokine-free circumstances when CGB GSK-3 and mTORC1 are inhibited [28]. Inhibition of GSK-3 activates downstream Wnt/-catenin signaling, and -catenin is necessary for HSC maintenance within this setting, however the pathway(s) downstream of mTORC1 that donate to this response never have been identified. We’ve investigated the complicated signaling network downstream of mTORC1 from the maintenance of long-term HSCs. We come across that activation of autophagy is connected with circumstances that maintain self-renewing HSCs uniquely. Results Cell-autonomous legislation of HSC function by GSK-3 and mTORC1 We previously reported that simultaneous GSK-3 and mTORC1 inhibition maintains HSC function in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs, c-Kit+ or Lin-Sca1+c-Kit+ [LSK]) [28]. While this small fraction is certainly enriched for HSCs, it really is a heterogeneous inhabitants made up of progenitor cells primarily. To handle a potential indirect aftereffect of modulating mTORC1 and GSK-3, we sorted HSCs (LSK-CD48-Compact disc150+ [LSK-SLAM]) and cultured them in serum-free, cytokine-free moderate in the existence or lack of the GSK-3 inhibitor CHIR99021 as well as the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin (CR). Cellular number didn’t modification during lifestyle, and ~87% of cells continued to be practical after 7 d.

The mammalian retina harbors over 100 different cell types

The mammalian retina harbors over 100 different cell types. recombinase system to target amacrine and ganglion cell types in the inner retina. We analyzed expression patterns in seven Flp drivers and then produced combinational mouse lines by selective cross breeding with Cre drivers. Breeding with Flp drivers can routinely remove labeling from more than 90% of the cells in Cre drivers, leading to only a handful cell Rabbit polyclonal to DARPP-32.DARPP-32 a member of the protein phosphatase inhibitor 1 family.A dopamine-and cyclic AMP-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein. types, typically 2C3, remaining in the intersection. Cre/Flp combinatorial mouse lines enabled us to identify and anatomically characterize retinal cell types with greater ease and exhibited the feasibility of intersectional strategies in retinal research. In addition to the retina, we examined Flp expression in the lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus. Our outcomes establish a base for future program of intersectional strategies within the retina and retino-recipient locations. and mice relied on leakiness without tamoxifen induction. To improve Cre appearance within the mice, one shot of tamoxifen (20 g, Sigma) was used intraperitoneally, and retinas had been gathered after 2C3 times. Desk 1 Mouse lines found in this scholarly research. and reporter along with a ubiquitous Cre drivers (and motorists Dasatinib hydrochloride respectively. Finally, in the 3rd step, one cell morphologies had been analyzed within the RGC group as well as the AC group, as well as the cell types had been assigned predicated on released work. When the labeling was as Dasatinib hydrochloride well dense to solve one cell framework, we further crossed Flp motorists with ubiquitous inducible Cre motorists such as for example and drove FLPe appearance mainly within the GCL, with just a few cells within the INL (Body 2Awe). These Dasatinib hydrochloride FLPe-expressing cells had been RGCs solely, as verified by RBPMS immunoreactivity, a marker for RGCs (Rodriguez et al., 2014) (Body 2Aii). The drivers targeted both RGCs and ACs (Body 2Bi). Within the GCL, there have been both RGCs, verified using the RBPMS antibody (Body 2Bii, Best) and GABAergic ACs verified with AP2 (Activating proteins 2) and GABA antibodies (Statistics 2Biii,iv, best). AP2 is certainly a family group of transcription elements which have been proven to play important roles in advancement (Hilger-Eversheim et al., 2000; Eckert et al., 2005). Both in avian and mammalian retinas, AP2 is certainly solely portrayed in postmitotic ACs, but not in additional cell types (Bisgrove and Godbout, 1999; Bassett et al., 2007). SST+ cells in the INL belonged to GABAergic ACs based on AP2 and GABA staining (Numbers 2Biii,iv, bottom). Since, both RGCs and ACs were targeted in the driver, it a good preparation in which to test for the feasibility of RGCs/ACs segregation utilizing the or the in intersection (defined afterwards). The drivers solely targeted ACs (Amount ?Amount2C2C). In keeping with the appearance pattern of the series (Zhu et al., 2014), a lot of the targeted cells within the drivers had been situated in the INL (Amount 2Cwe, bottom level). These cells had been positive for both AP2 and GABA labeling (Statistics 2Cii,iii), indicating that these were all GABAergic ACs. The drove FLPo appearance in virtually all ACs, therefore labeling thickness was high and popular (Amount 2Di). Slc32a+ cells included both GABAergic and non-GABAergic cells (Amount 2Dii). The non-GABAergic cells had been glycinergic ACs favorably stained using a GLYT1 antibody (Amount 2Diii). as well as the had suprisingly low appearance in retinal cells (Statistics 2E,F). Finally, targeted various kinds of bipolar cells regularly, ACs, and RGCs, but appearance levels had been most powerful in Mller cells (Amount ?Amount2G2G). Predicated on these Dasatinib hydrochloride total outcomes, the and motorists had been excluded from additional analysis. Open up in another window Amount 2 Distribution of FLP-expressing cells in 7 Flp motorists. Each Flp drivers was crossed with and mice. (A) drivers. (i) FLPe expressing cells tagged with tdTomato (tdT, crimson) had been seen in the GCL (best) with just a few cells within the INL (middle). Bottom level: side watch with Talk (blue). (ii) Staining for the RGC marker RBPMS (green) verified that all from the tdTomato-labeled cells (tdT, crimson) within the GCL as well as the INL had been RGCs. Light arrows indicate example cells that exhibit RBPMS. (B) drivers. (i) tdTomato-labeled cells had been distributed in both GCL (best) as well as the INL (middle). Bottom level: side watch with Talk (blue).(ii) RBPMS staining (green). SST+ RGCs had been within the GCL, however, not within the INL. Light arrow signifies a RBPMS+ cell (RGC), blue arrow signifies a RBPMS- cell (presumably an amacrine cell). (iii) An amacrine cell marker, AP-2 (green) overlaps with SST+ amacrine.

Supplementary MaterialsAs a ongoing provider to your authors and readers, this journal provides helping information given by the authors

Supplementary MaterialsAs a ongoing provider to your authors and readers, this journal provides helping information given by the authors. autoquin accumulates in lysosomes and inhibits their fusion with autophagosomes. Furthermore, autoquin sequesters Fe2+ in lysosomes, leading to a rise of lysosomal reactive air species and cell loss of life ultimately. Such a Rabbit Polyclonal to RAB31 system of action could have been complicated to unravel by current strategies. This function demonstrates the potential of the cell painting assay to deconvolute settings of actions of little substances, warranting wider program in chemical substance biology. strong course=”kwd-title” Keywords: autophagy, cell painting, Bosutinib distributor lysosome, proteomics, focus on id Abstract I noticed you color cells: Morphological profiling using the cell painting assay uncovered that autoquin impairs lysosomal integrity, iron homeostasis, and autophagy. Launch The id of little substances to probe natural systems reaches the center of chemical substance biology. Focus on\agnostic phenotypic displays represent an instant way to recognize bioactive little substances in physiologically relevant systems.1 However, a significant challenge with this process is the following elucidation of molecular settings of action (MMOA) and focus on Bosutinib distributor id (ID) of bioactive substances.2 Widely employed focus on ID techniques consist of affinity\based draw\straight down using immobilised derivatives accompanied by mass spectrometric proteins identification.3 This involves the formation of a suitably functionalised probe typically, that will be time consuming and even infeasible if the compound of interest is usually highly complex. Emerging target recognition strategies, which do not rely on modifications of the hit compound, such as thermal proteome profiling, are powerful additions to the prospective ID toolkit.4 However, these techniques are restricted to small molecules that mediate their activity through the targeting of proteins. In contrast, numerous drug classes target DNA,5 RNA,6 and lipids,7 and the finding of regulatory RNA\focusing on small molecules has recently emerged as a new field.8 Therefore, the development of new methods, which enable the delineation of bioactive\small\molecule modes of action not mediated by binding to a protein target, is in high demand. Morphological profiling has recently emerged like a complementary strategy for small\molecule\target recognition. Monitoring changes in cellular morphology induced by a hit molecule and comparing these to changes induced by a set of reference compounds with known modes of action and targets can provide target hypotheses. Morphological profiles can be extracted from simple brightfield images,9 and from complex fluorescence\centered high\content screens in which multiple subcellular compartments are labelled with numerous fluorophores.10 The multiplexed use of different fluorophores has been established in the cell painting assay,10, 11 and has been proposed as a new strategy for determining whether a compound displays bioactivity in a very broad establishing.12 In light from the promise as well as the potential of the strategy, we explored the usage of the Bosutinib distributor cell painting assay for MMOA id where other focus on identification strategies had failed.13 Recently we identified oxautin\1 (1), a cinchona alkaloid\derived autophagy inhibitor containing an oxazatwistane scaffold (System?1?a).14 Autophagy is a cellular recycling procedure that degrades misfolded, aggregated, and/or superfluous organelles and protein. The inhibition of autophagy is known as a potential anti\cancers strategy15 producing the id of new little\molecule autophagy inhibitors and their goals an intensive section of ongoing analysis.14, 16 Oxautin\1 was predicted to inhibit both autophagosome biogenesis, as well as the fusion of lysosomes and autophagosomes, but its MMOA had continued to be elusive. With all this unidentified mode of actions, we embarked over the synthesis and natural investigation of more available and structurally more different oxautin analogues readily. We survey the breakthrough from the cinchona\alkaloid\produced autophagy inhibitor autoquin (2 today, System?1?a). Evaluation of morphological adjustments induced by autoquin in the cell painting assay unraveled that, like oxautin\1, autoquin inhibits autophagy by indirect modulation of the experience from the lysosomal enzymes acidity acid solution Bosutinib distributor and sphingomyelinase ceramidase, leading to Bosutinib distributor impaired lysosomeCautophagosome fusion. Deeper analysis uncovered that autoquin sequesters Fe2+ in lysosomes, which leads to elevated formation of lysosomal reactive air types (ROS) and cell loss of life. Open in another window System 1 Synthesis of the cinchona alkaloid\produced compound collection. a)?Molecular structures of previously recognized autophagy inhibitor oxautin\1, newly discovered inhibitor autoquin, and the four most abundant cinchona alkaloids. b)?Synthesis of C2\functionalised derivatives using the BoronoCMinisci reaction. c)?Synthesis of C3\functionalised derivatives using selective C?H activation followed by Suzuki coupling. Observe Table?1 for details of the R\organizations investigated. Results and Conversation The oxautins.

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