Deoxynivalenol (DON), referred to as vomitoxin, a type B trichothecene, is produced by species, and is reported to be one of the most prevalent mycotoxins worldwide. maize, and oats, 1.25 mg kg?1 for flour and much less for infant food (0.2 mg kg?1) [5]. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of DON was established to 0.04 mg kg?1 body weight, AC220 (Quizartinib) based on subacute and subchronic toxicity studies [6]. Interestingly, according to a European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) report, infants present the highest chronic dietary exposure to DON. Significant amounts of DON and its two major metabolites (3-acetyl-DON and 15-acetyl-DON) have also been reported in adolescents and adults in Europe, indicating a potential health concern [6]. Although a considerable body of animal studies has shown that DON is genotoxic, impairs the immune system response, and displays both reproductive and developmental toxicity through the reduced amount of fertility, embryotoxicity, and postnatal mortality [4], appropriately to the most recent report from the International Company for Study on Tumor (IARC) DON can be categorized as (Group 3). This band of real estate agents consist of both non-cancerogenic real estate agents with recorded toxicity aswell as real estate agents with no adequate evidence to become determined as poisonous, which result in a different pet and human impact or indicating spaces in clinical tests [7]. Acute contact with AC220 (Quizartinib) DON causes diarrhea, throwing up, leukocytosis, and hemorrhaging [6]. For the molecular level, DON indirectly alters RNA and DNA synthesis simply by binding to ribosomes and directly altering proteins synthesis. It really is reported to disrupt mitochondria function, modulate cell membrane integrity and stimulate apoptosis in eukaryotic cells [8]. It’s been discovered to become extremely poisonous against cultured major rat hepatocytes [9,10], porcine hepatocytes [11], RAW 264.7 murine macrophages [12], human monocytes [13], human pre-T lymphocytes, pre-B lymphocytes, hamster kidney-derived BHK21 cells, mouse hepatoma cell line MH-22a [14], and Jurkat T-lymphocytes [15]. It also induces apoptosis in lymphoid organs [16,17] and modulates cell-mediated immunity in a dose-dependent manner [18]. It is reported to induce oxidative stress in cells by the production and accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the induction of programmed cell death [19]. Oxidative stress disturbs cell homeostasis and viability, and induces a variety of cellular responses via the generation of ROS [20]. It has been suggested that the incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) is associated with excessive ROS production and a reduction in antioxidant activity. AC220 (Quizartinib) Moreover, PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are also associated with oxidative stress [21]. Tumor cells are able to overestimate or inhibit the molecular pathways responsible for proliferation, survival, and programmed cell death [22]. In these cases, compounds that modulate the Rabbit Polyclonal to OR89 oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanisms in cells might be a crucial environmental factor in modulating the molecular events associated with PCa progression and metastases. Although DON is not considered a carcinogen for humans [6], its regulation of ROS production in tumor cells might indirectly assist the progression of tumors via the apoptosis process. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to determine whether DON might induce oxidative stress and apoptosis in prostate cancer cells in non-chronic conditions (24 h exposure), mimicking acute exposure to DON ( 1 M). The androgen ratio and androgen receptor (AR) expression in PCa patients plays a crucial role, both in the process of carcinogenesis and in the progression of the tumor [23]. As DON is reported to modulate the process of steroidogenesis in animals through the modulation of testosterone [24], various androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and androgen-independent (DU-145, PC3) prostate cancer models were used to evaluate AC220 (Quizartinib) the DON-induced oxidative stress in PCa, as well as castration-resistant (22Rv1) models. 2. Results 2.1. DON Decreases Viability of Prostate Cancer Cells To verify if DON, in a single exposure, modulates ROS production in PCa cells, all experiments were conducted after 24 h of exposure. The cell lines used represent different models of PCa. PC3, DU-145, and LNCaP cells are considered a gold standard for PCa cell lines. DU-145 is derived from.